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Learning outcomes
Aims and Scope
Theoretical Section
The main scope of this course is the study of the topography, morphology and the rough structure of tissues, organs and systems of human body. The aim of the course is the gain of knowledge of the anatomic structure of human body and the familiarity of the students with the anatomic sites which constitute the human body.
Laboratory Section
The laboratory section of the course completes the theoretical section and helps students to recognize the morphology of the anatomic regions and organs of human body.
The student after the ending of the lesson would be able to:
- Recognise and describe the anatomic parts of the musculoskeletal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems and
- Be familiar and aware of the anatomic parts of musculoskeletal and the organs of respiratory and cardiovascular system of the human body.
SYLLABUS
The course of Anatomy for educational and learning purposes is divided into two inter dependent modules:
- Anatomy I comprising a well-defined description of the musculoskeletal system and a detailed description of the cardiovascular and respiratory system and
- Anatomy II contains a detailed description of other organic systems including endocrine system, nervous system, and the sensory organs.
Analytical description of the human musculoskeletal system and respiratory and cardiovascular system.
1. Introduction to Human Anatomy. Cell, tissues, organs, organic systems.
2. Skeleton of the skull. Bones of cerebral and facial (organic) skull. Cranial fossae. Paranasal sinuses.
3. Skeleton of vertebral column. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae. Common and particular characteristics. Sacrum-coccyx. Analytical description.
4. Skeleton of thorax-Skeleton of pelvis. Analytical description of the bones which form the thoracic and pelvic cavity. Not-genuine and genuine ribs. Anonymous bone.
5. Skeleton of the upper extremities. Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, upper hand. Analytical description.
6. Skeleton of the lower extremities. Analytical description. Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, upper foot.
7. Types of joints (diarthrosis-synarthrosis) and ligaments of the human skeleton.- Ligaments of the basic joints (head, shoulder, knee, hip).
8. Muscles of the skull, neck, thorax, abdomen and dorsum. Origin – insertion – neurosis – movement. Basic knowledge of the major muscles (e.g. masseters, mimics, major and auxiliary respiratory muscles, abdominal, scapulodorsal, pleurodorsal muscles).
9. Muscles of pelvis, perineum, upper and lower extremities. Origin – insertion – neurosis – movement. Basic knowledge of the major muscles (e.g., deltoides, humeral muscles, femoral muscles, gastrocnemius, gluteal muscles).
10. Respiratory System. I. Upper. Organs of the upper respiratory system. Description of the nasal cavity, pharynx (parts), larynx, and trachea (parts of each organ, segments, ligaments, cartilages, vasculature, neurosis, muscles groups).
11. Respiratory System. II. Lower. Description of the bronchial tree and lungs (hilus, lung lobes, ultimate
bronchioli, alveoli, pleura – pleural cavity)
12. Cardiovascular System. I. Heart. Analytical description of the heart, cardiac valves, cardiac parts, cardiac tunicae, coronary vessels. Small (Pneumonic) and large circulation.
13. Cardiovascular System. II. Vessels. Structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Lymphatic System, lymph vessels. The main arteries and veins.
Laboratory/Preparatory skills
The laboratory exercises and practice take place in the laboratory of Anatomy-Histopathology supplied with the necessary muscle practice models, skeletons, practice models of the human organs and with numerous illustrated maps of Anatomy.
The laboratory part of the course includes demonstration of the musculoskeletal system, upon human skeletal and musculoskeletal models, as well as the demonstration of the basic anatomic parts of the respiratory and cardiovascular system and their organs included.
1. Introduction-Demonstration of the practice models of the laboratory of Anatomy (skeleton, muscle torso, human torso with assembled organs, the organ of audition (ear), the organ of vision (eye), the skin, mandible, brain). Guidance of the students into the laboratory place and to the knowhow of performing the laboratory exercises
2. Demonstration of the bones of the skull (cerebral-facial). Demonstration of the anterior cerebral fossa, median and posterior fossa and the bones which are forming them, cranial dome cranial suture. Demonstration of the basic bone points of each cranial bone separately. Demonstration of the bones of thoracic cavity, vertebral column (Ce1-Ce7, Th1-Th12, Lu1-Lu5, sacrum bone, coccyx). Demonstration of the communal characteristics of all vertebras and also of the particular ones of each spinal series. Demonstration of the 12 pairs of thoracic ribs, separation of them in genuine and non-genuine, demonstration of sternum and its bone parts.
3. Demonstration of the bones of the scapular zone, arm and forearm (scapula, humerus, ulna, radius), hand (carpal and metacarpal bones, bones of digits (phalangeal bones). Demonstration of the basic bone points separately of the above anatomic regions.
4. Demonstration of pelvic bones (iliac, sciatic, pubic), bones of the thigh (femoral, patella), bones of tibia (tibia, fibula), and foot (tarsal and metatarsal bones, phalangeal bones). Demonstration of the basic bone parts separately of each anatomic region.
5. Introduction to Arthrology. Demonstration of all skeletal joints and separation in diarthrosis and synarthrosis. Demonstration of individual categories of synarthrosis (syndesmosis-sychondrosis-synosteosis) and diarthrosis (with one, two or three axons of mobility and without mobility axon (amphiarthrosis or flattened arthrosis).
6. Introduction to Myologia. Demonstration of the muscles of facial-cervical region. Demonstration of their origin and insertion upon the musculoskeletal torso.
7. Demonstration of thoracic-dorsal-abdomen muscles. Demonstration of the origin and insertion of the basic muscles of the above region upon the musculoskeletal torso.
8. Demonstration of the muscles of scapular region-arm-forearm and hand. Demonstration of the origin and insertion of the basic muscles of the above region upon the musculoskeletal torso.
9. Demonstration of pelvic-femoral-tibia and foot muscles. Demonstration of the origin and insertion of
the basic muscles of the above region upon the musculoskeletal torso.
10. Demonstration of heart with the great vessels upon heart’s model practice. Demonstration of cardiac cavities, valves, tunicae.
11. Demonstration of coronary arteries, basic cerebral vessels, large cervical vessels, basic vessels of thorax, abdomen, upper and lower extremities.
12. Demonstration of the organs of the respiratory system (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs). Demonstration of the basic anatomic elements of the right and left lung and pleura. Placement of the lungs into thoracic cavity.
13. Laboratory examinations of the semester. Oral or writing type examination according to the professor of the academic course judgement.