LEARNING OUTCOMES
Aims and Scope
The purpose of the course is for students to understand:
• Basic concepts of health and disease, how to approach diseases, how to evaluate and investigate in nosology as well as the basic symptoms of the main nosological entities.
• In particular, to know the pathology of the main systems and the diseases observed in each of these systems.
• To be able to accurately describe the symptoms of the clinical pictures and understand how the causes led to them.
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• To know the etiological mechanisms that govern the various diseases and their symptoms as well as their evolution.
• Present and contribute to solving diagnostic and therapeutic problems with the cooperation of the medical staff.
The aim is to achieve knowledge of the basic symptoms of diseases and to develop the students’ ability to work harmoniously with the medical staff.
SYLLABUS
Theory
1. Patho-anatomical evidence (summary). Inflammation-degeneration-apoptosis-necrosis-atrophy-scarring-calcification-hypertrophy-hyperplasia-hypoplasia-regeneration-neoplasia-transformation-metastasis-infiltration-dysplasia-ectopy-hyperemia-congestion-calcification-ischemia-infarction-thrombosis-embolism-agenesis- transplantation-types of skin lesions-complaint-dihidroma-exudation-immunity-allergy-autoimmunity. Changes due to aging, by system (general).
2. International statistical classification of diseases. Concept of health – disease. General causes of diseases (known – unknown etiology). Concept of prevention. Patient approach methodology. Record. Objective examination. Laboratory Tests. Semiotics of diseases (in summary).
3. Concept of infectious disease, epidemic, endemic, hospital infection, opportunistic infection, sexually transmitted diseases. Mainly common adult infectious diseases but especially such as AIDS, Hepatitis, Meningitis, Tuberculosis etc.
4. Main diseases of the respiratory system: Symptoms and appearance. Respiratory failure, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema), bronchial asthma, pleurisy, pneumothorax, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary embolism. Importance of smoking in general. Lung cancers, occupational lung diseases.
5. Urinary tract diseases: Symptoms and presentation. Importance of urine test, ways to test
urine, ways to check kidney function. Renal failure (acute-chronic). Glomerulonephritis. Nephrotic syndrome. Cystitis. Pyelonephritis-Urine infection. Polycystic kidneys. Kidney tumors. Urolithiasis. Urethritis. Prostate diseases.
6. Main diseases of the digestive system: Symptoms and appearance. Peptic ulcer, malabsorption syndrome, irritable bowel, ulcerative colitis, diverticular disease, liver and biliary diseases, significance of jaundice, pancreatic diseases.
7. Main blood diseases: Symptoms and appearance. Diseases of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemoglobinopathies (quantitative – qualitative, homozygous – heterozygous). Leukemias – Lymphomas. Coagulation disorders. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Haemophilia.
8. Circulatory diseases: Symptoms and appearance. Diagnosis-control methods, international demographic data and differentiation of heart diseases. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases (primary-secondary risk factors). Hypertension. Hypotensive syndrome. Dyslipidemias. Coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris. Myocardial infarction. Myocardial reperfusion. Sudden death. Heart failure. Cardiac cachexia. Acute pulmonary edema. Shock. Pericarditis in general. Infective endocarditis. Valvular diseases – Myocardial diseases. Cardiac arrhythmias. Rheumatic fever. Aortic aneurysms. Heart diseases. Artificial pacing components–defibrillators–prosthetic valves. Athletic heart. Heart transplant. Cardiac Intensive Care and Rehabilitation Unit. Cardiorespiratory arrest and resuscitation. Congenital heart diseases.
9. Rheumatic diseases: Symptoms and appearance. Definition of arthritis. General knowledge about arthritis of various etiologies. Rheumatic disease concept. Concept of immunosuppression. General knowledge of immune mechanisms. Autoimmune diseases and their diagnosis (in general). Collagen diseases or connective tissue diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Seronegative arthritis (Ankylosing spondylitis – Psoriatic arthritis – Reiter’s syndrome – Arthritis enteropathies – Behcet’s syndrome), Gout. Degenerative joint disease (Osteoarthritis). Osteoporosis. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Scleroderma, Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Mixed connective tissue disease, Temporal arteritis, Polymyalgia rheumatica.
10. Most frequent endocrinopathy (pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, gonad, gastrointestinal and pancreatic) Symptoms and appearance.
Specifically:
A) Endocrine pancreas Histology and cell biology of the endocrine pancreas. Hormonal regulation and hormonal disruption in endocrine diseases. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus, as well as other pathological entities, such as insulinoma, glucagonoma and somatostatinoma).
B) Diseases of the parathyroid glands and calcium homeostasis (histology of the parathyroid glands, regulation of hormone secretion and disease-related disorders. Symptoms of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, malignant hypercalcemia, medullary thyroid cancer, osteomalacia. Symptoms of onset and establishment of osteoporosis).
C) Diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (Histology and cell biology, hormonal actions and clinical manifestations of disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Explanation of the peculiarities of pituitary embryology for a better understanding of the acquired and genetic component of the diseases. Symptoms of pituitary adenomas, hypothyroidism, obesity, diabetes mellitus and syndrome of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)).
D) Diseases of the thyroid gland (Histology, cell biology, normal and pathological thyroid secretion. Selective pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism, types of hyperthyroidism (especially Graves’ disease), hypothyroidism, thyroiditis (especially Hashimoto’s), goitre, nodules and neoplasms)
E) Diseases of the male and female reproductive system (Histology, cell biology and hormonal secretion of both systems. Symptoms of ovarian and cycle disorders, uterine diseases, pregnancy and lactation. Infertility in men and women, prostate hyperplasia in men).
11. Most common skin diseases: Ways to diagnose skin diseases. Elementary skin lesions. Causes and significance of itching. Skin changes with age, environmental and professional habits. Moles and neoplasms. Squamous and basal cell carcinoma. Precancerous lesions, prevention. Skin infections (scabies, herpes, fungal infections, etc. Acne. Rosacea. Psoriasis. Dermatitis in general. Allergic reactions. Eczema. Pemphigus. Burns, wounds. Diseases of hair, glands, nails. Ants. Acute warts. Malignant melanoma. Vitiligo.
12. Major neoplasms. Precancerous conditions Symptoms and appearance.
13. More common diseases of the elderly. Falls. Problems of lonely old people. Payment. Depression. Dementia. Troubleshooting at home.